Členy (articles)
12. 7. 2021 2021-08-29 21:10Členy (articles)
Členy (articles)
1/What kind of Noun you are using?
- SINGULAR COUNTABLE
- PLURAL COUNTABLE
- UNCOUNTABLE
2/Whether we speak about things:
- In general (obecně)
- Or about particular examples of these things (přesné příklady věcí)
Life is hard. (in general)
The life of Shakespeare. (particular)
3/Whether these particular examples are :
- Indefinite (neurčité)
- Definite (určité)
They have a son.
The son is in the Army.
Zero article (bez členu) | a/ an | The | |
Singular countable | 0 | A car We have a car. | The car The car is blue. |
Plural countable | Cars Cars are made in factories.(in general) | 0
| The cars The cars made in Germany are safe. |
Uncountable | Water | 0 | The water The water is too cold. |
Speaking about things in general:
- She likes music (U) and poetry (U).
- He likes food (U), cars (C) and girls (C). → (C)- množné číslo
- Children need a lot of love. ( = a child needs a lot of love- obecně, the child- konkrétní dítě)
- He collects butterflies. (obecně)
- He collects African butterflies. (také obecně, v rámci A. motýlů ex.mnoho dalších motýlů)
= HALF GENERAL EXPRESSION
×
The 18th century- jenom jedno
He collects the butterflies of Africa.
She likes 18th century music.
She likes the music of the 18th century.
Speaking about particular examples of things:
THE
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
- The whale is a mammal. (an individual item representing a class)
INVENTIONS:
- Can you use the Internet? (obecně)
- My grandma hates the telephone. (obecně, ne telef.přístroj, ale telefony obecně.)
- What is on (the) TV? (obecně)
×
Is there a telephone? (jeden přístroj)
THE MEDIA:
- I prefer the cinema to the theatre.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS:
- Can you play the guitar? ( the ability to play- zvažujeme, zda vůbec umí hrát)
GROUPS OF PEOPLE:
- The young and the old.
NATIONALITY GROUPS:
- The English, the British, the Polish, the Dutch × There are two Englishmen.
- Germans, Italians, Americans
A/AN
I have lost a button. (C) – počítatelné, neurčité
I´d like some cheese. (U)- nepoč. = nesmí být a- viz tabulka
JOBS:
- He is a driver.
WHAT PEOPLE OR THINGS ARE LIKE:
- She is a nice girl.
NUMBERS:
- 100 people = a hundred people – nepoužívá se of !!!
- a kilo and a half
- one and a half kilos
- a dozen (tucet) eggs- !!!
Special rules and exceptions:
- Mom works in a / the hospital.
- Mom is in hospital.- PRVOTNÍ VÝZNAM slova nemocnice = je nemocná = BEZ ČLENU
- Sally is in the prison. = a visitor to the building
- Sally is in prison. = PRVOTNÍ VÝZNAM = je tam zavřená
- She is in bed. = PRVOTNÍ ÚČEL = spí
- She is in the bed. = je v posteli, sedí na ní, leží …
- Face to face, hand in hand…
- By car/ tram / bus…
×
in the car / on the next bus
( get on / off the bus / train / tram,
get in(to) / out of the car …)
SEASONS:
- In (the) spring.
- In (the) spring of 1960.
- He come on Sunday.
- He come on a Sunday in May. ( ex.několik nedělí v květnu)
MAN (člověk):
- Man has an uncertain future.
POSITIONS:
- He became (was elected) president / captain. = JEDINEČNÁ FUNKCE
- He´s chairman.
- He is THE chairman OF the company. = OF → THE
TITLES:
- Queen Elizabeth
- King Charles
× The Queen Elizabeth, the Titanic. The Lidice- JMÉNA LODÍ
ILLNESSES:
- V zásadě bez členu
- He´s got flu / measles / mumps / toothache…
- × She´s got a cold, a headache, a temperature, a sore throat- nelze vysvětlit, prostě to tak je!!!
PLACE NAMES:
- Světadíly:
- Asia, South America, Australia, Central Europe, Antartica × the Antartic
× the Middle East- OBLASTI
- Názvy států:
- Poland, Austria, Russia, Italy, Great Britain- Vyjádřeno jedním slovem- vlastní jméno = bez členu
- The Czech Republic, The Slovak Republic- poslední slovo je jméno obecné = člen
- The USA, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland- pokud je užito spojení s předložkou OF = člen
- Vyjímky: The Netherlands, the Vatican, the Ukraine
- We live in South Bohemia, in the south of Bohemia
- Města:
- London, Prague × the Hague
- Oceány, řeky, moře:
- The Pacific, the Black Sea, the Adriatic, the Atlantic Ocean, the Thames, the Vltava (river)…
- Jezera:
- Lake Michigan, Great Salt Lake, Mácha Lake, Loch Lomond…
- Ostrovy:
- Jednotlivé ostrovy: Crete- Bez členu
- Skupiny ostrovů: The British Isles, The West Indies (Antily)
- Vyjímka: The Isle of Man
- Pohoří(mountain ranges):
- The Alps, the Rocky Mountains, the Giant Mountains, the High Tatras
- Jednotlivé hory (mountain peaks):
- Mount Everest, Ben Nevis, Praděd in the Jeseníky Mountains
Ulice, náměstí, parky:
- I live in Green Street / Trafalgar Square
- Charles Square, Hyde Park, St James´s Park…
- At Kennedy Airport, at Victoria Station
PAMÁTKY:
- Buckingham Palace, London Bridge
HOTELY, DIVADLA, KINA, GALERIE:
- In the Hilton
- The National Theatre
- The Metropol, the Odeon
- The Tate Gallery × Covent Garden
NOVINY:
- The Times, the Daily Mail, the Guardian…
OJEDINĚLÉ OBJEKTY:
- Venus, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Uranus
- × The Earth, the Moon
OSOBY:
- jednotlivé osoby: Paul Brown, Mr and Mrs Lee, Professor, Doctor Miles
- vlastní jména v množném čísle: the Browns, the Misses Browns (slečny Brownovy)
- Old Brown (=st.), Young Brown (=ml.)- napořád × the young Einstein- jedna etapa života
ORGANIZACE:
- UNESCO, NATO- dají se vyslovit = bez členu
- The UN
- The University of Oxford, The University of London × pokud dáme jméno na první místo, člen odpadá-Oxford University